Buddhist Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buddhist Economics - Assignment Example In this case, it is ideal to reduce human labour or get rid of it completely. Modern economist relies on the concept of mechanization as a method of improving the economy. Buddhist economists however agree with this analogy but in a different point of view. In their point of view, labour is divided into two forms. The first form of labour involves human skills and power. The second form of labour involves the use of machines as mechanical slave. Buddhist economists argue that human labour is irreplaceable labour done out of free will is perfect compared to machinery labour (Schumacher, 2). They also argue that labour is like human nourishment thus it is hard for people to exist comfortably without engaging in labour activities. Buddhist also differs with the economic concept of materialists. Materialists are mainly interested in goods as Buddhists are mostly interested in liberation. The key concept in Buddhist economics is non-violence and simplicity. While modern economists measure ‘living standards’ by the amount of human consumption in the sense that a person who consumes more is better than that who consumes less, Buddhist consider this aspect to be irrational (Schumacher, 4). According to Buddhists, this concept renders human well-being as they consider minimum consumption as a way of maximizing human well-being. The concept of low consumption minimizes the wastage of materials as the excessive material can be conserved and utilized to make more goods thus enhancing the economy. Buddhist economists attribute the economy to conservation practices through proper utility of goods. For instance, non perishable resources should not be used if they cannot be renewed. Buddhist economics is high ly recommended in the modern society as it focuses of finding the correct path to development (Schumacher,

To write a business plan asking for supporting fund Essay

To write a business plan asking for supporting fund - Essay Example The project was established in the year 2009 with an objective of supporting the developing country in fighting for Malaria. This report will analyse the various activities that the project will be undertaking as part of their Malaria mission. The report will analyse the feasibility of the project, its scope of operation, the success factors, the marketing and financial plan, and its organization structure. The financial plan will analyse how the organization will manage the funds. Malaria has been a serious threat for the people living in this region. It has claimed the lives of many people including children.(Malaria Elimination Group, 2012) Among the children that are killed in Malaria, most of them fall below the age group of five. What makes such hazard rather sad is that Malaria is a curable disease and still children are prone to death due to unavailability of proper medical attention. Vision, Mission and Objectives Vision: The vision of Dunga Project is to empower the Zanziba r community to fight, prevent and control Malaria. Mission: Dunga Project’s mission is to drive the curative measures for Malaria in the Zanzibar region with an organized effort that works on a sustainable and eco-friendly mode. The project’s mission is to educate the children and their caretakers to take care of themselves and prevent the Malaria from spreading. Objectives: 1. To supply all required medical aids to the malaria affected region. 2. To take adequate measures for preventing the Malaria. 3. To educate the people about the causes, treatment and prevention of Malaria. Nature of Business This project is focussed on taking adequate care of the children in Zanzibar region who are affected by Malaria. The charity also aims at taking accurate preventive measures against the disease. The business will operate as a non-profit seeking organization in the form of a trust. The major activity of the business is to conduct health camps in diagnosing malaria or any other disease that has affected the people in the area. The health check-ups will be a periodic activity of the business. This will be conducted by dividing the regions into various groups for ease of management. Another major activity involved is to make available, the medical aids for infected people, mainly children. The third activity is the anti-malaria drive that will focus on spreading awareness about the disease. This will be conducted as a group activity at various sub groups in the region. (Where in City, 2012) Uniqueness of the Project The uniqueness of the project lies in the fact that it focuses more on the prevention aspect. The famous phrase ‘Prevention is better than cure’ is one of the major driving forces of the project. Though utmost attention is provided towards supply of medicine and curing the disease, a major portfolio of the activity consists of preventive measures. The team has already purchased around 400 mosquito nets to be supplied to the househol ds. The mosquito nets can help in the prevention of Malaria to a great extent. We are also actively involved in removal of waste accumulations in the region, proper treatment of stagnant water and various other preventive measures that goes to the root cause of the problem. These entire activities make Dunga project unique in terms of its mode of operation. (Easmon, 2011) Constraints Following are the major constraints that are faced by the Dunga project. 1. Lack of adequate funds: Comparatively huge funds are required for

Financial Analysis Of British American Tobacco Plc Finance Essay

Financial Analysis Of British American Tobacco Plc Finance Essay Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide information Interpretation of British American Tobacco plc (BAT) in terms of historical record, comparative financial indicators, and position in the market along with key value drivers for the company and performance indicators. This is done by analysing the information provided in the historical and present financial statements. About British American Tobacco Revenue Analysis British American Tobacco is a public company listed on the London Stock Exchange, which has direct and indirect stakes in several companies together constituting to be the British American Tobacco Group of companies. The group achieved gross turnover of GBP 40,713 million with revenues amounting to GBP 14,208 Million in the year 2009. There are more than 250 brands in their portfolio with Dunhill, Kent, Lucky Strike Paul Mall being their flagship cigarette brands which are together sold in more than 120 countries with total sales constituting 196 Billion cigarette units (Annual Report, 2009). The company follows the accounting cycle starting 1st January of the calendar year ending on 31st December of the same calendar year. The company currently has 95,710 employees on its payrolls. It sold 724 Billion cigarette units in the same year and has production capabilities in 50 cigarette factories based in 41 countries. British American Tobacco is the second largest tobacco company in the world (Excluding China), while it has 6.4% share of the UK market, dominant players being Imperial Tobacco Japan Tobacco International (Nielsen Data, Feb 2010). 74% of BATs sales come from the developing countries emerging economies (Annual Report, 2009). Revenue by Geography BATs largest market lies in Western Europe which accounted for 27.3% of its total revenues in FY 2009. BAT saw an increase of 20.7% from the revenues it had registered in the FY 2008. Asia Pacific accounted for 23% of its total revenues while Americas accounted for 22.2%. Eastern Europe accounted for 11.5% o the total revenues while the highest performed for BAT turns out to be Africa and Middle east which accounted for 22.2% but it saw an increase of 31.2% in terms of revenue over last year. Historical Performance Analysis British American Tobacco was established as a joint venture between the Imperial tobacco group of the United Kingdom the American Tobacco Group of the United States in the year 1902. Subsequently, In the year 1911 the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange. In 1913, the company looked overseas for expansion and entered the Argentinean markets. In the 1920s, British American Tobaccos capitalization had quadrupled since 1902 and sales grew by nearly a factor of 40. In 1923, The Companys worldwide sales had grown to 50 billion cigarettes per year. By 1962, British American Tobaccos capitalization allowed it to move towards diversification. It grew consistently, however, and was achieving turnover at the rate of 15% per annum by 1970. Diversifying and expanding at a rapid pace, British American Tobacco became a well known brand globally. With uncertainty about a long term market in tobacco, steps were taken to reduce BATs dependence on the tobacco industry. In 1986, only half o f its total pre tax profit came from tobacco group which was down from 57% pre tax profit BAT achieved in the year 1985. The 1990s were not a good time of the decade for tobacco sales as companies in the industry faced several lawsuits and litigations. The U.S. courts awarded verdicts which cost the tobacco companies millions of dollars as the consumer claimed tobacco related illness and relatives of smokers who claimed heavy compensation. The company continued with its strategy to take over small to midsized companies as it acquired Canadas dominant tobacco company, Imasco in the year 2000. The company has been consistently achieving Year on Year growth in the range of 8-12% in terms of revenue since 2005. While it has consistently maintained the operating margin percentage in the range of 26%-29% from 2005 to 2009, the Adjusted Diluted earnings per share has been rising from 56.9p in 2000 to 153p in the year 2009 (Annual Report, 2005-2009). Annual Report Analysis The goal of accounting information is to provide economic decision makers with useful information, according to Williams, Haka, Bettne Carcello (2006, p. 670). Financial statements analysis is not just important for the shareholders but various stakeholders as well. The Group has prepared its annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as endorsed by the European Union. Some of the highlights of the Annual Report include revenue increase of 10% at constant rates of exchange 17% at current rate, when compared to the financials for the year 2008. Adjusted profits from operations too increased by 10% at constant rates and 20% at current rates. The total benefit of the result amounted to GBP 355 Million, which resulted in adjusted diluted earnings per share grow by 19% to 153 pence. Over the past 5 years, BAT has achieved a compounded annual growth rate of 15% in earnings per share and 19 % in dividends per share. The total shareholder returns over the same 5 year has been 175% compared to the FTSE 100 index which gave 35% returns to the investors. The financial analysis views the group as a strong player in the global tobacco industry. The resilience in achieving profits wealth generation along with geographical diversification has positioned the group as a multi national company with strong fundamentals which makes it more susceptible to face risks and unforeseen events in the future. In the first half of the financial year 2009, Sales volumes had increased by 4% or declined by 2% when the benefit derived from acquisition was excluded. BATs free cash flow remained strong and resilient during the year 2009 and looks set to remain the same in the year 2010 despite volume pressures. Price increases sales improvements continue to offset the volume pressure faced by the company in the broad range of other markets. In the financial year 2009, FFO was 31% of fully adjusted debt which was 3% points higher than the FFO in the year 2008. The reason for the same was marginal decrease in debt along with the increase in earnings due to acquisitions. The absorption of operating cash flow in to discretionary spending has slowed due to the company suspending the offer to buy back shares until further notice given. BAT is likely to generate free cash flows despite various expenses like restructuring dividend payments to the shareholders as it has ample internal liquidity, cash flow characteristics access to capital markets. The liquidity of BAT was supported by a) USD 1.75 Billion revolving credit facility for a five year period which along with the cash balance of USD 1.3 billion exceeded gross debt maturing on June 2010; b) Bond maturities; Bond worth USD 2.5 billion were issued to extend the groups debt portfolio c) Finance accessibilities; It has ready access to credit facilities on offer by the financial institutions; d) Significant cash position in excess of USD 1billion. Based on analysis, BATs profitability margins are on par with its global peers. BAT intends to improve its sales by 2 % year on year by price increases and product mixes. Market share reached by BAT in specific markets determined its profitability. Operating margin in developing countries can be compared with the margins achieved in matured markets as shown by the margin achieved in excess of 30% in regions like Latin America, Africa and Middle East. EBIDTA margins for BAT in the year 2009 figured 36%, has had a significant rise of 2.5% percentage point from 33.5% margin it achieved in 2008 and 32.5% in 2007. One widely accepted method of assessing financial statements is ratio analysis which uses data from balance sheet and income statement to produce interpretation which have financial meaning to it. Assessment of the financial health of a business is quick and relatively simple when information is derived using the relevant financial ratios. Ratio Analysis A ratio is a simple mathematical expression of the relationship of one item to another, according to Williams, Haka, Bettner, and Carcello (2005, p. 674). Ratios can provide diverse information to diverse financial information users. The analysis of annual report suggests the following ratio analysis of the group. The relevant ratios have been grouped and presented in this paper under various heads. Profitability Assessment: Operating Margin: BAT achieved an operating margin of 31.12% in the year 2009 mainly due to savings it achieved in supply chain, general overheads and indirect costs. The impact of higher leaf prices and input costs were offset due to these savings. It allowed the overall operating margin to increase from 30.7% to 31.4% in the year which was much greater than the industry and sector average of 22.01% and 10.10% respectively. BAT also, had much better margins when compared to Japan tobacco which could achieve operating margin of 4.76%. Return on Equity: BAT has been a fundamentally sound company demonstrating consistency in giving return on equity to its shareholders. In the FY 2009, BATs Return on Equity was standing at 37.05% which was considerably higher than the industry and sector average of 11.57% and 8.01% respectively. While Japan Tobacco could manage to achieve little less than 10% Return on Equity, BAT has been since the past able to maintain consistent returns. In the past four years starting 2005 2008, BAT gave returns of 26.12%, 27.70%, 28.95% 30.44% respectively. These numbers give confidence to investors and allow BAT to be looked upon as a good company to place ones bet on. Return on Capital Employed (ROCE): Corporate Profitability can be determined by assessing the trading profit that the company has achieved over the capital employed by it to achieve the same. BAT achieved an ROCE of 20.82% in the FY 2009 which is slightly better than the Industry average and sector average. BAT fared approximately twice as better when compared to Japan Tobacco. Asset Utilisation: Asset Turnover: BAT was able to main asset utilisation which was on par with the industry average. The industry average for the FY 2009 was 0.58, while BAT registered an asset utlisation ratio of 0.73. The company is expected to register even better numbers in the near future as FY 2009 saw some acquisitions which resulted in BATs performance on par with the market in terms of making its asset sweat. Closure of the Soeborg factory in Denmark, Downsizing of manufacturing plant in Australia and impairment charges for certain software assets resulted in these assets having minimum and limited future economic benefit. But with consolidation resulting in greater savings and better utlisation of the assets of the companies acquired in the emerging markets, the asset turnover ratio is expected to fare better in the next financial year. Interest Cover: BATs interest cover remains steady at 8.6x in the FY 2009 compared to 8.5x which was reported in the FY 2008. It was offset as a result of the financial arrangements carried out for the acquisitions. Pre-Tax impact on adjusting item distorts the interest cover. Risk Tolerance By analysing the financial statements, BATs policy seems to be moderate as it focuses on maintaining EBIDTA coverage of gross interest payments between 5x and 9x at the same time maintaining cash balance exceeding USD 1 billion and five year maturity on its debt profile. BAT needs to strike a fine balance between acquisitions and share buy backs to avoid over stretching its debt capacity over a short time frame due its commitments to a 65% annual dividend payout ratio. In the year 2008, BAT reduced its annual buy back commitment from USD 750 Million to USD 400 Million to accommodate acquisitions. BAT also suspended its buy back program in 2009 until further notice. Cash Flow Adequacy Growing profitability would benefit the companies debt protection metrics to a greater extent. Strong conversion of profits into cash supports BATs financial metrics. The groups future working capital requirements will remain stable in proportion to its annual sales unless there are any significant large scale acquisitions. BATs capital expenditure of its net operating cash flows is very low when compared with the averages in food, beverage tobacco industries. In the year 2009, BATs capital expenditure accounted for 15%-20% of net operating cash flows. BATs future capital expenditure is most likely to grow giving the compounded annual growth rate of the company along with the industry. Key Performance Indicators The key performance indicators for BAT has been its consistent ability to maintain growth in its core competency. Revenue for the FY 2009 grew by 17% which is 3 4 per annum greater than the target growing revenue for the medium and long term. This was possible due to acquisitions it made and favourable exchange rate movements. One of the key strengths of the company in terms of its performance is its diversified global drive brands which constitute majority of the sales for the company. Though growth of 16% was achieved in the FY 2008 in this segment, FY 2009 volumes grew by 4% which is coherent with the companys strategy to achieved single digit growth over the long run. The adjust profit from operations achieved by the firm was well above the company target to achieve 6% profit from operations. BAT registered a growth of 20%. The net cash from operating activities in the FY 2009 was up by  £26 million to  £ 2630 million. Free cash flow per share increased by 2%, the ratio of free cash flow to adjusted diluted earnings was 86%. Adjusted Earnings Per Share (EPS) had grown at an average of 11% over the last ten years. This exceeds the companys target of growing at a single digit figure per annum on an average. Adjusted diluted EPS grew by 19% in the year 2009. S.W.O.T. Analysis Strengths: Diversified Global Brand Drive (GBD) portfolio One of the keys strengths of the group is its diversified portfolio of cigarette brands. In the FY 2009, overall volume of the GBD grew by 4%. Emerging Economies Currently, 74% of BATs revenues come from the emerging economies. Enhanced Internal Operations BAT saved GBP 239 Million in the FY 2009 by improving its supply chain, overheads and indirect costs. Weaknesses: Legal Issues Recoupment actions and Class actions are filed against the company and its subsidiaries which in turn impacts not only the brand image but also its cost structure. Poor Asset Utlization The companys Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) has been poor when compared to its competitors. Philip Morris International and Altria Group recorded an ROA of 29.7% and 20% respectively with BAT recorded an ROA of 15.1% only. Similarly, ROE for BAT was lower than Philip Morris International which recorded 99.2% while BAT could achieve 40.6% only. Opportunities Acquisitions BAT completed an acquisition of a Turkish state owned tobacco company in the year 2008 which elevated its market share from 7% to 36%. In the same year, BAT Bought Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni (ST) which allowed it to increase annual sales of approximately 30,000 million cigarettes. Recently BAT acquired PT Bentoel Internasional Investama, Indonesias fourth largest cigarette maker which had sales of around 250 million cigarettes a year. These acquisitions would increase the global presence of BAT across the globe and in turn enhance its topline and profitability. Growth of Tobacco Industry The tobacco industry is forecasted to witness growth. It is estimated that there would be 1.3 billion smokers in the world by 2020 up from 1.3 billion currently. According to the Datamonitor estimates, the global tobacco market generated total revenues of $429.3 billion in 2009, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.1% for the period spanning 2005-2009. Cigarette sales generated total revenues of $394.2 billion in the FY 2009, equivalent to 91.8% of the markets overall value. The global tobacco market is forecasted to have a value of $490.2 billion, an increase of 14.2% since 2009. BAT is the second-largest global cigarette player. It tends to benefit from this positive outlook. Threats Illicit Trade Illicit trade is estimated up to 660 million cigarettes a year which represents 12% of world cigarette consumption. This results in losses upto GBP 4 Billion to GBP 7 billion a year. Increase in illicit trade would reduce revenues of the company. Advertising restrictions Brand Building, advertising and promotion are facing hindrances globally. The absence of marketing would effect introduction and promotion of new products in the markets. It could have a negative impact on BATs sales. Consumer focus and awareness on health issues Increasing health consciousness and introduction of substitutes to cigarettes into the market has led to decline of sales for the company. Pharma products and nicotine replacement patches along with chewing gums are the new source of harmless alternatives. What makes British American Tobacco work? The year 2009 was a challenging year for the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) segment. Total market volumes declined by 2% for the BAT products. The overall performance for BAT was firm . It continued to invest in its marketing initiatives which resulted in it maintaining its market share in key markets. The Global Drive brands (GDB) grew by combined 4% in terms of volume. These accounted for 27% of the global volume sales for BAT. The overall brand mix for BAT is balanced between premium, mid-price low-price. Managing business to business relationships makes up for a large part of BATs trade marketing activities. BAT co-ordinate its business with its trading partners to ensure that it is able to meet the demands of the customer at the right place and at the right time. This has worked out well for the company as it helps it maintain the market share in a highly competitive tobacco industry. Understanding customer and their needs is of the core non financial activities of BAT. BAT regularly surveys their customer base internationally against its peers in the FMCG industry and particularly against its competitiors in the tobacco industry. Their efforts made them be recognised as the leading business in the tobacco category for customer relationship management by Dow Jones sustainability index for the third successive year in 2009. Apart from its own marketing initiatives, BAT makes efforts to develop marketing programmes jointly with its retail partners, who engage with consumers in market channels like Global Travel Retail and Global Convenience Retail. For BAT, the Direct Store Sales in the most preferred way of selling cigarettes to customers. It fecilitates greater access to consumer information and market. It has also helped them with a direct commericla link to their most strategic retail accounts. In the FY 2009, total sales volumes distributed through DSS reached 50%. Integrated Global Enterprise Apart from the key revenue generators for the company, BAT has been able to achieve growth by savings. BAT was successful in turning a multinational business operations in over 180 markets into an integrated global enterprise which take better advantage of its scale. It led to savings in supply chain, overheads and indirect costs amounting to  £239 million. The company has a target achieve  £800 million savings by 2012.

Against Abortion Essay -- Pro Life

Abortion is fundamentally wrong. It is wrong because it goes against the basic rights guaranteed to every human being under the 5th 9th and 14th amendments in the United States Constitution. Along with it going against the Constitution, there are some medical and moral reasons as to why it is wrong, such as an increased risk of breast cancer, and that the fetus does in fact feel the pain from the abortion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simply defined, abortion means any premature expulsion of a fetus, whether it is by natural causes or an artificially induced abortion. Abortion is certainly not a new concept. It has been present in society dating all the way back to Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, and into the Middle Ages. It was not until the 19th century that abortion began to get all the attention that it gets today. It was in the 19th century that the strict abortion laws were starting to be passed. The 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade legalized abortion in the United States for pregnancy within the first six months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion is not only considered immoral by many, it also violates the Constitution. The 14th amendment forbids states to abridge privileges and immunities of United States citizens, to deprive a person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, or to deny any person the equal protection of laws. Under the United States Constitution, we are forbidden from depriving the life of another individual; abortion is just that. It is depriving a human being the right to life. Nowhere under the 14th amendment does it clarify between the living and unborn. So a fetus should still be protected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abortion also violates the 9th amendment which declares that just because certain rights are not in the Constitution does not mean that they do not exist. Courts cannot assume that just because a right is not listed that a person cannot be protected by the government. This is important because the Constitution does not mention abortion, but based on this amendment the unborn child is still under protection and is guaranteed the rights which are provided by the Constitution. The â€Å"silence† of the Constitution on the issue of abortion does not mean that it doesn’t provide a right. When the Constitution was written, abortion was not nearly as much of an issue. Yes it was already going on, but the large numbers of abortions were not taking place as they are toda... ...From a medical standpoint it is wrong as well. The risk of breast cancer increases in the mother and the fact that the baby will feel the pain of the abortion makes it inhumane. It is especially wrong in advanced societies such as ours. There are other alternatives to abortion, and it should not be used as birth control. Statistics have shown that about 80% of abortions are performed for social reasons instead of health reasons. Abortion is murder. If murder is against the law then abortions should be as well. Works Cited Anand, Kanwaljeet. â€Å"Pain of the Unborn.† 15, January 2004. 23 October 2004  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ELSI â€Å"Chromosomes† 2004. 23 October 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Facts in Brief, â€Å"Induced Abortion.† 2000-2001. 23 October 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guttmacher, Alan Institute. â€Å"Abortion Statistics-World U.S.-Demographics-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reasons.† 2004. 23 October 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Johnson, Douglas. â€Å"The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act- Misconceptions and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Realities† 5 November 2003. 23 October 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mount, Steve â€Å"Due Process† 1995-2003. 24 October 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reuters Health International Journal of Cancer. â€Å"First Pregnancy factors Tied to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast Cancer Risk.† 1 November 2004. 23 October 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

25th Jan Revolution

After thirty years of cruel and unfair power, Hosni Mubarak was deposed and the political system was changed by a peacefully revolution. the Egyptian Youth made a revoluation that will change the path of history. the Egyptians are not the same any more. At this moment, everyone speaks about politics and has his own opinion. And of course, the events of Tunisia have a lead role in the impact on the Egyptian youth, because they felt that there is hope, and the change is possible. Now, it's over for the Mubarak regime. Egypt has been suffering from a great decline in every department of human needs. overty grown worse, people become more exhausted and frustrated by their increasing needs and social injustice. the Bad regime and the Egyptians’ thirst for democracy and legally elections were The primary reasons, which led to this revoluation . No one in Egypt is fooled by the elections that have taken place during Mubarak’s regime. Bribes are in everywhere; if you want accom plish anything, to get any government document, permit, licence, or even paying a simple monthly bill, it will take hours and you have to pay bribes. This regime has run a brutal police state. there were a Tight internet controls, kidnappings, and police beatings. The situation in Egypt began with invitation to the day of rage against Mubarak regime on January 25th. No one expected an invitation to the day of rage from a group on the Facebook page, called â€Å"we are all Khalid Said† can change everything in Egypt. Khalid said was an Egyptian youth who had been beaten to death by Mubarak police in Alexandria. His death became the match that set the fire of Our Revolution. I decided to go down the streets with my brother because we felt a great sense of internal suppression, there was an opportunity for us to express what is inside, we were affected by the corruption that fills the country, we felt it a duty to do something for our country. In Tahrir square, All people felt as one family and they support each other. I saw People from different political parties are interacting with each other. they seem to forget their political belongings and Christians are with Muslim united in the revolution. Egyptians gathered in public and discovered themselves as a civil society. Finally, I can say that, We are All egyptians now. Men and women are standing side-by-side in calling for their rights. And when people lose their fear, amazing things sometimes happen. So, As long as you say there is no hope, then there will be no hope, but if you go down and take a stance, then there will be hope. We are free and our dignity is back. Now, I am more confident of my future and my children’s future. In this moment , and after revolution, I hope that this transitional era will not last too long and Egypt would return stable and secure as it always been, God bless Egypt.

Finding the Ratio of Mole of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction

Title: Finding the Ratio of Mole of Reactants in a Chemical Reaction Purpose of Lab: To find the coefficients of two chemical reactants that appears in a balanced chemical equation using the continuous variations method. Pre Lab Questions: 1. 2AgNO3(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) > 2KNO3(aq) + Ag2CrO4(s) 2. There is enough to make a valid conclusion because, on the graph, one can clearly see that the two lines intersect. Thus, one can also determine the mole ratio. The mole ratio is approximately 2:1 (AgNO? to K? Cr? ). Procedure: 1.Obtain 175mL of the bleach solution in a clean 400mL beaker and 175mL of Solution B in another beaker. 2. Measure the temperature of both solutions and record. The solutions should be the same temperature. If they are not, you will need to make a correction for the temperature difference. 3. Using a clean 10mL graduated cylinder, measure 5. 0m: of NaClO and pour the solution into a Styrofoam cup. Using a clean 50mL graduated cylinder, measure 45. 0mL of Solution B and add this to the Styrofoam cup. 4. Stir with a thermometer, and record the maximum temperature reached of the final solution in your data table. . Pour the solution out, rinse the cup and thermometer, and repeat steps 1-4 using a different ratio of the two substances, always keeping the volume at 50. 0mL. 6. Continue testing various ratios until you have at least three measurements on each side of the one that gave the greatest temperature difference. 7. Plot your data on a graph, ? T ? vs. Reactant volume (mL). 8. Draw two best fit straight lines, and determine where they intersect. Be sure to include the points at the 0:50mL and 50:0mL rations. If at any points do not fall close to the lines, repeat these measurements.Find the stoichiometric mole ration of reactants from the line of intersection on the graph. Data: Initial Temp of both: 23. 5? Na2SO3 (mL)| NaClO(mL)| Max. Temp. (? )| 45. 0mL| 5. 0mL| 28. 9? | 5. 0mL| 45. 0mL| 27. 5? | 25. 0mL| 25. 0mL| 42. 3? | 40. 0mL| 10. 0mL| 33 . 4? | 10. 0mL| 40. 0mL| 30. 9? | 30. 0mL| 20. 0mL| 43. 5? | 20. 0mL| 30. 0mL| 38. 6? | Conclusion: In this lab we found the coefficients of two chemical reactants that appeared in a balanced chemical equation using the continuous variations method. The mole ratio turned out to be 1:1.One can be able to find the correct mole ratio after plotting the results on a graph that showed the trend of change in temperature. Theory: The theory of this experiment was continuous variation because it gives the stoichiometric ratios for the correct chemical equation if one does them correctly. Error Analysis: Instead of keeping just one initial temperature for all the tests, to make it more accurate, we could have measured the initial temperature of the solutions before each reaction. The exactness of the thermometer could have altered our results. Related essay: Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced LabAlso, there was an error in measuring the reactants using graduated cylinders. This most likely happened because graduated cylinders are not the most accurate way to measure a liquid. Post Lab Questions: 1. Different temperature changes occur when mixing different volumes of the two reactants. The experiment was made so the volume of solution and the total number of moles of reactants was a constant for all of  experiments, since temperature change was directly proportional to the amount of reactants. Therefore, the optimum ratio is the ratio of the volume of reactants.It consumed the greatest amount of reactants, formed the greatest amount of products, and generated the most heat and maximum temperature change 2. A constant volume of reactants must be kept in all trials so that the subsequent changes in temperature can be compared. They are proportional to the amount of reactants consumed in the reaction. 3. Ye s. The concentrations of  the two solutions must be the same in order for the stoichiometric mole ratio of the reactants to be accurate after the results of the trial are graphed because molar  concentration is moles of solute divided by liter of solution. . A limiting reagent is reactants in a chemical reaction that will be completely gone before all other reactants in the reaction are used up. This will also cause the reaction to stop. 5. Both measurements limit the precision of the data. The measurement of temperature limits the precision of the data to 3 significant figures. The thermometer used was able to be read to the tenths of a degree. On the other hand, the measurement of  volume limits the precision of the data to 2 significant figures.The graduated cylinders used, only could measure volume to the nearest mL and anything after that was an estimate. 6. The limiting reagent along the upward sloping line of the graph is Na? SO?. The limiting reagent along the downward slope line is NaClO. 7. Other physical properties that could be used in the method of continuous variation, besides temperature change, could be color change, the mass of a precipitate that forms, and/or the volume of a gas produced. 8.It is more accurate to use the point of intersection of the two lines to find the mole ratio rather than the ratio associated with the greater temperature change because one most likely did not use the exact mole ratio. Thus, the point of intersection is a more likely an average. Also, the maximum amount of each reactant might not have been used to get the highest temperature; the highest temp wouldn't necessarily have the highest mole to more ratios. 9. The average of the temperatures would be used as the initial temperature.Graph: Calculations: The intersection point was at approximately 28. 6 mL Na? SO3? and 21. 4 mL NaClO. Moles Na? SO3? = 0. 5 M(. 0286 L) = . 0143 moles Na? SO3? Moles NaClO = 0. 5 M(. 0214 L) = . 0107 moles NaClO .0143 moles Na? SO3? /. 0107 = 1. 34 moles Na? SO3? which rounds to the nearest whole number, 1 . 0107 moles NaClO/. 0107 = 1 mole NaClO The stoichiometric mole ratio is 1:1 for the reactants. The actual stoichiometric mole ratio for the reaction is 1:1.